Estonian National Dietary Survey 2014

DEFINITIONS

At-risk-of-poverty threshold – 60% of the national median equivalised net income. Equivalised net income is the net income of a household divided by equivalised household size; the latter is calculated by summing the weights assigned to each household member (1.0 to the first adult, 0.5 to each subsequent person at least 14 years of age and 0.3 to each child under 14). National median equivalised net income is determined by arranging households’ equivalised net incomes in an ascending order and 60% of the midpoint value (i.e. the median) is called the at-risk-of-poverty threshold. In 2014, the at-risk-of-poverty threshold in Estonia was 394 EUR per month (source: Statistics Estonia). Net household income was reported as a range in the current survey. Subjects were considered to be below or above the at-risk-of-poverty threshold if their equivalised net income remained below or above 394 EUR per month based on both the lower and the upper limit of the reported household’s net income range. Otherwise a subject was assigned to a third category – at the at-risk-of-poverty threshold.

Body mass index – weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared (kg/m²). For most subjects, BMI was calculated based on measured height and weight (an estimated weight of clothing was subtracted from the latter), but self-reported height and/or weight were used for 59 individuals due to missing measurements. Among 19-year-old and younger subjects the cut offs for BMI categories were based on WHO growth reference data for 2–5-year-olds and 5–19-year-olds. Standard BMI cut offs were used among 19–64-year-old subjects:

BMI less than 18.5 – underweight
BMI 18.5–24.9 – normal weight
BMI 25.0–29.9 – overweight
BMI 30.0 or higher – obesity

Since the lowest health risks among the elderly are associated with higher BMI values than the standard normal weight range, the following cut offs were implemented for 65-year-old and older subjects:

BMI less than 23.0 – underweight
BMI 23.0–29.9 – normal weight
BMI 30.0–34.9 – overweight
BMI 35.0 or higher – obesity

Educational attainment – the highest level of education an individual has completed. Educational attainment has the following categories:

basic education or lower
secondary education – general upper secondary education or vocational secondary education
higher education – vocational training based on secondary education, professional higher education or a bachelor’s degree
master’s or doctoral degree

The education of parents or guardians living with the child was recorded for 2–17-year-old subjects. Parental educational attainment denotes the educational attainment of the parent or guardian that has the highest level of education. For example, if a child’s father has completed secondary education and the child’s mother holds a bachelor’s degree, parental educational attainment is higher education.

Food – any nutritive substance suitable for human consumption.

Nationality – self-reported.

Net income per household member – the net income of a household divided by the number of household members. A household is a group of people who live together and share joint resources, most commonly food resources. A household may consist of one or many members and unlike a family the members of a household are not necessarily related. The net income of a household is the sum of all kinds of tax deducted earnings: wages, salaries, profits, rents, interest payments, royalties, dividends, pensions and benefits, financial aid, alimony (including informal allowances), tax refunds, etc. In the current survey, subjects reported the net income of their household as a range; net income per household member was calculated based on the mean of the range.

Nutrient – a component in foods that is used by an organism to synthesize new molecules, broken down for energy production, or a substance that is necessary for maintaining other physiological processes. Macronutrients (protein, fats, carbohydrates, water) are required in large amounts in the diet; micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are required in trace amounts.

Physical activity – moderate-intensity physical activity requires moderate effort and noticeably accelerates a person's heart rate and breathing, but the person is not out of breath. Vigorous-intensity physical activity requires a large amount of effort, causing rapid breathing and a substantial increase in heart rate. 10-year-old and older participants of the current survey were asked the time they spend on walking, on moderate-intensity physical activity and on vigorous-intensity physical activity (only bouts of at least 10 minutes duration were considered). Younger participants were surveyed for the time they spend playing outdoors or otherwise engaged in active movement during leisure time and the time they spend on organized after-school activities that involve physical movement (physical education at school was not considered). Walking is included with moderate-intensity physical activity in this database.

Region – defined based on NUTS 3, a level of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS; French: Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques). NUTS is a standard for referencing subdivisions of the member countries of the European Union and it consists of a hierarchy of three levels: NUTS 1, 2 and 3, corresponding to the largest, medium and smallest subdivisions. In Estonia, NUTS 3 regions include the following counties:

Northern Estonia – Harju County
Western Estonia – Hiiu, Lääne, Pärnu and Saare counties
Central Estonia – Järva, Lääne-Viru and Rapla counties
Northeastern Estonia – Ida-Viru County
Southern Estonia – Jőgeva, Pőlva, Tartu, Valga, Viljandi and Vőru counties

Serving – to simplify the implementation of nutritional recommendations, recommended intakes of food groups are expressed as a number of servings. Food-based dietary guidelines list the serving sizes of various foods in grams (if pertinent also in household measures) and these serving sizes are determined by the amount of calories assigned to each food group. For example, an individual that consumes 2000 kcal daily should eat 7–9 servings of starchy foods each day. The serving size of starchy foods is 75 kcal which corresponds to 30 g of bread, 70 g of cooked rice or pasta, 100 g of porridge or boiled potatoes, etc. Further information on the serving sizes of various foods is provided in the Estonian nutrition recommendations: Pitsi T, et al. Eesti toitumis- ja liikumissoovitused 2015. Tallinn: National Institute for Health Development; 2017. Publication in Estonian in pdf-format.

Type of settlement – urban settlements include cities, cities without municipal status and towns; rural settlements include small towns and villages.

METHODOLOGY

Survey description

The sample for the Estonian National Dietary Survey was selected by stratified random sampling from Estonian residents born between 01.01.1940 and 31.03.2014 that were listed in the Population Register; the strata included age, gender, nationality and place of residence. Considering the size of target population, the planned sample included 8 940 participants, and three replacements were additionally selected for each individual. The study was approved by the Tallinn Medical Research Ethics Committee.

The survey was carried out in 2013–2015, mainly in 2014 (72% of all participants). The sample was spread equally over the four seasons and all days of the week to capture the variation in eating patterns. The survey consisted of the following stages:

a general questionnaire on the participants’ socio-economic background, health behaviour and physical activity, and anthropometric measurements,
in case of 3-month to 10-year-old participants a 24-hour food diary and in case of 11-year-old and older participants a 24-hour CAPI (computer assisted personal interview) on the participant’s diet, filled out for two non-consecutive days approximately two weeks apart,
in case of 2-year-old and older participants a food frequency questionnaire, assessing the intake frequencies and amounts of common foods within the previous year.

In case of up to 1-year-old infants receiving breast milk, the general questionnaire additionally included questions on their mothers’ background; breastfeeding mothers were also administered food interviews and they filled out a food frequency questionnaire.

In total, 17 363 survey invitations were sent out, and 13 931 individuals responded to the invite. After excluding refusals (N = 6 936), individuals who were unable to participate (N = 1 821) and unfinished or low-quality interviews (N = 527), there were left 4 647 respondents that had completed a general questionnaire and a food diary/interview for at least one day (response rate 33.4%). The cleaned data set also included 3 747 food frequency questionnaires. Additionally, 394 interviews and 332 food frequency questionnaires that were completed by breastfeeding mothers were included in the cleaned data set. Further information on the number of respondents and response rates by gender and age are provided in Table 1.

Table 1. Description of the sample

Age Number of respondents^1,2 Response rate, %² Number of
invites with
a response Population,
01.01.2013

Men Women Men and
women Breastfeeding
mothers Men Women Men and
women

3-6 months 144 125 269 36.7 35.4 36.1 745 5 004

7-11 months 117 125 242 73.1 82.2 77.6 312 5 570

1 year 57 61 118 41.0 45.5 43.2 273 14 445

2-5 years 277 (260) 302 (287) 579 (547) 45.9 (43.1) 48.2 (45.8) 47.1 (44.5) 1 230 61 715

6-9 years 168 (155) 179 (164) 347 (319) 43.3 (39.9) 49.7 (45.6) 46.4 (42.6) 748 53 353

10-13 years 93 (83) 89 (79) 182 (162) 45.1 (40.3) 39.6 (35.1) 42.2 (37.6) 431 48 035

14-17 years 80 (75) 117 (104) 197 (179) 1 (1) 26.4 (24.8) 38.2 (34.0) 32.3 (29.4) 609 48 184

18-24 years 135 (123) 192 (183) 327 (306) 44 (37) 19.1 (17.4) 27.0 (25.7) 23.0 (21.5) 1 420 118 909

25-29 years 77 (69) 137 (125) 214 (194) 132 (118) 22.9 (20.5) 36.8 (33.6) 30.2 (27.4) 708 96 187

30-34 years 85 (79) 158 (149) 243 (228) 127 (103) 24.9 (23.2) 39.8 (37.5) 32.9 (30.9) 738 90 340

35-39 years 84 (73) 160 (150) 244 (223) 74 (60) 23.9 (20.8) 41.0 (38.5) 32.9 (30.1) 741 90 646

40-44 years 69 (61) 167 (158) 236 (219) 16 (13) 20.8 (18.4) 36.9 (35.0) 30.1 (27.9) 784 91 411

45-49 years 67 (61) 168 (161) 235 (222) 20.6 (18.8) 38.7 (37.1) 31.0 (29.2) 759 85 092

50-54 years 73 (68) 136 (130) 209 (198) 20.2 (18.8) 28.3 (27.1) 24.9 (25.1) 841 92 930

55-59 years 75 (68) 160 (153) 235 (221) 21.2 (19.2) 30.3 (29.0) 26.6 (25.1) 882 88 200

60-64 years 85 (81) 187 (176) 272 (257) 24.1 (23.0) 31.9 (30.0) 29.0 (27.4) 939 82 140

65-69 years 83 (81) 194 (182) 277 (263) 23.1 (22.6) 29.2 (27.4) 27.1 (25.7) 1 023 60 321

70-74 years 74 (73) 147 (136) 221 (209) 28.5 (28.1) 30.1 (27.9) 29.5 (27.9) 748 64 631

All ages 1 843 (1 410) 2 804 (2 337) 4 647 (3 747) 394 (332) 29.4 (22.5) 36.6 (30.5) 33.4 (26.9) 13 931 1 197 113

¹ Individuals included in the cleaned data set that had completed the general questionnaire as well as a food diary/interview for at least one day.
² Information on the individuals included in the cleaned data set that had filled out a food frequency questionnaire is provided in brackets.

The tables published in this database are based on the data collected from 2–74-year-old participants, including breastfeeding mothers (4 412 individuals in total, 4 079 individuals with a food frequency questionnaire). The results are weighed considering gender, age, nationality and region. Results that were calculated based on 5 or fewer individuals are withheld from the published tables.

Nutrients, foods and food groups

The 24-hour food diaries/interviews provided an overview of all the foods and the amounts that the participants consumed during two non-consecutive days. The tables published in this database are based on the average intake of two survey days, except in the case of 124 participants with information on one day’s diet only. The participants’ daily energy and nutrient intakes were calculated considering everything they ate with the help of NutriData food composition database (version 5). Also based on food diaries/interviews are tables that report the intake of food groups or the intake of selected foods; the latter was converted into weekly intake for better overview. Further information on food groups and individual foods is provided in Table 2.

The food frequency questionnaire surveyed the participants on the intake frequencies of a list of foods within the previous year and on typical amounts in household measures. Using the gram equivalents of household measures, the participants’ responses to the questionnaire were converted into average intake in grams per week. The questionnaire included 209 foods in case of 2–10-year-old participants and 215 foods in case of 11–74-year-old participants due to the addition of alcoholic beverages. Additionally, the participants could append foods that they frequently consumed, but that were missing from the questionnaire. Similarly to food diaries/interviews, the current database reports the intake of selected foods based on the food frequency questionnaire (Table 2).

Table 2. Food groups and foods reported in the tables published in the current database

The intake of food groups is calculated based on 24-hour food diaries/interviews. The intake of foods is calculated based on food diaries/interviews as well as the food frequency questionnaire. Due to differences in methodology, the two estimates of food intake are not directly comparable.

The name of food group in published tables The name of food in published tables Foods in 24-hour food diaries/interviews Foods in the food frequency questionnaire⁷

Starchy foods: cereals and potatoes¹ ..rye bread, brown bread, white bread Rye bread, whole grain rye bread, brown bread, white whole grain bread Rye bread (incl. whole grain), brown bread and white whole grain bread Rye bread, whole grain rye bread; brown bread, white whole grain and multigrain bread, bread with seeds, barley bread

White bread, fine rye bread White bread (incl. sandwich bread, ciabatta and bread rolls, flatbread, pre-baked pizza bases and tortillas), fine rye bread White bread, sandwich bread, ciabatta, flatbread; fine rye bread

..porridge, rice, pasta, etc. Rice, pasta products – cooked Rice (incl. whole grain) and pasta (incl. whole grain pasta and egg pasta) Rice, rice porridge; pasta, instant noodles (incl. as a component of dishes) etc.

Porridge flakes, semolina, buckwheat and other cereal-based side dishes – dry ingredients Rolled oat, barley, wheat, rye, rice and multigrain flakes (incl. instant porridge), semolina and polenta (incl. whole grain), buckwheat, millet, pearl barley, wheat grains, couscous, quinoa Oatmeal and multigrain porridge; buckwheat porridge; millet porridge; semolina porridge, semolina mousse; rolled oat and multi grain flakes, unsweetened muesli etc.

Breakfast cereals, muesli Muesli (incl. muesli with dried fruit, nuts or chocolate), muesli bars, corn flakes, puffed wheat or rice and other breakfast cereals (incl. whole grain) Sweetened muesli (e.g. with chocolate or fruit); corn flakes, puffed rice and other breakfast cereals (excl. soy flakes), corn puffs etc.

..potatoes Potatoes (excl. potato chips and sweet potato) Cooked potatoes, instant potato puree powder, potato flakes Boiled or steamed potatoes, potatoes baked without fat; pan-fried potatoes; oven-baked fries (no fat added), oven-baked potatoes (coated with fat); shallow- or deep-fried potatoes; mashed potatoes, potato casserole

Fruit and vegetables, berries ..vegetables Legume vegetables Beans (incl. green beans, broad beans, mung beans, white, red and brown beans), peas (incl. snow peas and chickpeas), lentils, canned peas and beans Beans (excl. soy beans); peas; lentils

Other vegetables, incl. preserves (excl. legume vegetables and vegetable juice) Root, stalk, leaf and fruit vegetables, onions, cabbages, sweet potato, sprouts (incl. wheat grass), tomato paste and puree Carrot; swede; beetroot; cabbage; sauerkraut; cauliflower, broccoli; Chinese cabbage and iceberg lettuce; leaf lettuce, spinach; pumpkin; zucchini, aubergine; bell pepper; tomato; cucumber; green onion, onion, leek; garlic; sprouts; corn; diced (frozen) vegetable mix; tomato paste

Mushrooms Mushrooms Mushrooms

..fruit and berries Berries Strawberries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries, blueberries, lingonberries, cranberries, dewberries, sea buckthorn berries, rose hips, chokeberries and rowanberries Strawberries; raspberries; black currants; other currants, gooseberries; blueberries; lingonberries, cranberries; cloudberries, wild strawberries; sea buckthorn berries; rose hips

Fruit (excl. juice)⁵ Apples, pears, citrus fruit (mandarin orange, orange, lemon etc.), stone fruit (plums, cherries, peach etc.), grapes, exotic fruit (banana, kiwifruit, pineapple, mango, pomegranate, persimmon, figs and dates etc.), watermelon and melon Apple; pear; mandarin orange; orange, grapefruit; lemon; banana; peach, nectarine; plum; cherries; grapes; kiwifruit; mango, pineapple and other exotic fruit; watermelon, melon

Fruit preserves (excl. jam) Fruit preserves (canned pineapple, peaches etc.), fruit and berry compote

100% juice⁶ 100% juices of fruit and vegetables Juice (100%)

Dried fruit and berries⁶ Dried fruit and berries (incl. raisins and fruit and berry chips) Dried fruit (incl. raisins), fruit and berry chips

Milk and dairy products Milk and unflavoured dairy drinks Milk (skimmed, semi-skimmed and whole milk, incl. goat’s milk), soured milk, kefir, buttermilk Fat-free milk, milk with 0.05% fat content; milk, 1.5% and 2.5% fat content; milk, >2.5% fat content; soured milk, kefir; buttermilk

Unflavoured yoghurt Unflavoured yoghurt Unflavoured yoghurt

Cream Sour cream, coffee (i.e. light) cream, whipping cream and other types of cream, creamers, dips, unsweetened condensed milk Sour cream, dips; coffee (i.e. light) cream; whipping cream; whipped cream

Unflavoured quark products, cottage cheese Unflavoured quark (incl. ricotta), quark paste and cottage cheese (regardless of fat content) Fat-free (=/< 0.5% fat content) unsweetened quark, cottage cheese; unsweetened quark, cottage cheese

Sweetened yoghurt Flavoured yoghurt (incl. drinking yoghurt), yoghurt drinks and yoghurt shakes, yoghurt desserts, soured milk drinks, milk drinks and whey drinks Sweetened yoghurt, incl. drinking yoghurt

Flavoured quark, quark cream, cottage cheese Flavoured (sweet as well as savoury) quark, quark cream and quark paste, cottage cheese (regardless of fat content) Fat-free (=/<0.5% fat content) sweetened quark, quark creams; sweetened quark, quark creams

Cheese Cheese (incl. white and blue cheese, cheese spreads, cream cheese, mozzarella, Gouda, Parmesan cheese, feta, goat’s cheese etc.) Cheese, =/<15% fat content; cheese, 16–25% fat content; cheese, >25% fat content; white and blue cheese; cheese spreads; cream cheese

Fish, poultry, eggs and meat ..fish and fish products Fish Cooked fish, raw fish in sushi, smoked, salted and dried fish, canned fish Lean white fish (cod, hake, pike, zander, flounder etc.); fatty white fish (mackerel, eel); salmon, trout; Baltic herring, sprat, European whitefish, canned sprats etc.; herring, sardines; tuna

Fish products and other seafood Fish sticks and balls, crab sticks, shellfish, roe, frog legs Fish sticks, patties and balls; prawns, crabs, crayfish; mussels, oysters; crab sticks; caviar, roe

..meat and poultry (incl. offal), meat and poultry products² Fresh poultry Cooked poultry (chicken, duck, goose etc.) Poultry

Fresh meat Cooked meat (pork, beef, veal, lamb, rabbit and game meats, incl. smoked bacon and minced meat) Pork, beef, veal, lamb as steaks or chops (excl. game meats); rabbit and hare meat; game meats as steaks or chops; diced meat excl. mince in dishes (sauce, stew, soup, casserole etc.); minced meat in dishes (e.g. soup, sauce, lasagne etc.); rashers of bacon; ham with visible fat; ham without visible fat

Frankfurters, cooked sausages, minced meat cutlets (of meat and poultry)⁶ Frankfurters and cooked sausages, barley sausage and small meatballs of meat and poultry Products made of poultry mince, poultry mince in dishes; home-made cutlets, meatballs, meatloaf made with mince; store-bought cutlets, patties, meatballs, meatloaf made with mince; frankfurters; large frankfurters; sausages for grilling, raw sausages; cooked sausage; smoked sausage; salami

..eggs and egg products Eggs Chicken eggs, quail eggs etc. Chicken eggs; quail eggs

Dietary fats, seeds, nuts and oily fruit ..seeds, nuts, etc. Seeds and nuts – shelled Seeds (sunflower, pumpkin, flax, sesame, chia seeds, pine nuts etc.), nuts (hazelnuts, pistachios, Brazil nuts, walnuts, cashew nuts, almonds, peanuts etc.; incl. roasted and salted nuts), nut mixes, dried coconut Nuts, almonds (excl. salted nuts); salted nuts; seeds

..oily fruit, oil, fat spreads³ Butter Butter, butter spread Butter, butter spread (e.g. Taluvői, Saaremaa vői)

Margarines and fat mixtures Margarine for cooking and baking, margarine spreads, mixtures of butter and vegetable oil Margarine spreads (e.g. Rama, Voimix, Keiju); margarine for cooking and baking

Oil Vegetable oils (rapeseed, olive, sunflower etc.) Oil

Sugar, sweet and savoury snacks4⁴ Sugar (excl. syrup) Refined white sugar and brown sugar Sugar

Honey Honey Honey

Candy, chocolates (excl. cocoa powder) Hard candy, toffee, fudge, marmalade candy, gummies, marshmallows, dragée candy etc., milk chocolate and dark chocolate, chocolate bars and chocolate candy (incl. with various fillings), chocolate glaze Candy; milk chocolate; dark chocolate (=/>50% cocoa content)

Jam Jam (incl. uncooked), marmalade spreads Jam, jelly etc.

Ice cream Dairy ice cream, frozen yoghurt and ice cream with vegetable fat, excl. sorbet Ice cream

Other sweetened dairy products Curd snacks, puddings, sweet sauces, sweetened condensed milk, baked quark pudding Curd snack; puddings, creams (excl. quark-based)

Nectar, juice drinks Nectar, juice drinks, sorbet Sorbet; nectar; juice drink, syrup drink, juice kissel

Bakery products and pastries (excl. pastry mixes) Sweet and savoury biscuits, sweet crispy breadsticks, waffles etc., filled buns and pastries, kringel (highly enriched sweetened bread similar to brioche), cakes, cupcakes Biscuits, crispy breadsticks (sweet); biscuits, crispy breadsticks (savoury); waffles; doughnuts; filled pastries, pies; sweet pastries, kringel (highly enriched sweetened bread similar to brioche); sheet cakes; cakes, torte; Bundt cakes; crepes; pancakes (small)

Soft drinks, flavoured water Flavoured water, sodas and cola (incl. diet soft drinks), iced tea drinks, kvass (incl. traditionally fermented kvass with slight alcohol content) and kvass drinks Flavoured water (i.e. near water, sweetened); soft drinks sweetened with sugar (soda, cola, iced tea drink, kvass drink etc.); soft drinks with artificial sweeteners (i.e. light or diet soft drinks); kvass (incl. traditionally fermented kvass with low alcohol content); non-alcoholic beer

Energy drinks Energy drinks Energy drinks

Potato chips, tortilla chips Potato chips, tortilla chips, popcorn Potato chips; popcorn (popped)

Water, mineral water (as drink)⁶ Water, mineral water Water as drink (tap water, bottled water); mineral water

Coffee⁶ Coffee, incl. coffee-based drinks and coffee substitutes such as roasted grain beverages Roasted grain beverages, decaffeinated coffee; coffee (brewed with a coffeemaker or in a coffeepot); coffee (espresso, cappuccino, latte); instant coffee

Tea, herbal tea⁶ Tea (black, green etc.), herbal tea Rose hip and other herbal teas; black tea; green tea; white, red, oolong tea

Soy products⁶ Soy beans, soy flakes, soy flour, soy-based dairy and meat substitutes (incl. soy sausages and patties, tofu) Soy beans; soy milk; textured soy protein (chunks, granules); soy flakes; ready-to-eat soy products (e.g. patties); tofu

Mayonnaise, salad dressings⁶ Mayonnaise, mayonnaise- and oil-based dressings Mayonnaise; salad dressings based on oil or mayonnaise

Alcoholic beverages⁶ Beer, beverages with low alcohol content (cider, long drink etc.), wine and sparkling wine, vermouth, liqueurs, vodka, rum, cognac and brandy etc.; excl. alcohol as an ingredient in cooking Beer; beverages with low alcoholic content (cider, long drink); wine, sparkling wine; port, liqueurs, vermouth, sherry; vodka; cognac, rum, whiskey, liqueurs and other types of hard alcoholic beverages

¹ In addition to the foods listed in the above table, starchy foods include: bran, flour, crispbread, rusk, spelt grains, rice cakes.
² In addition to the foods listed in the above table, meat and poultry include: liver and liver products, kidneys, chicken and beef heart, chicken neck, gizzard, blood dumpling, black pudding, beef tongue, meat jelly, minced meat cutlets, meatballs, ham, ham paté.
³ In addition to the foods listed in the above table, oily fruit, oil and fat spreads include: olives, avocado.
⁴ In addition to the foods listed in the above table, sugar and sweet snacks include: other sweets such as zefir, halva, pastila, white chocolate, various candy, biscuits, waffles, syrups etc.
⁵ Fruit preserves are listed separately in the tables reporting food intake based on food diaries/interviews, but are included with fruit in the tables based on the food frequency questionnaire.
⁶ The food is not included in the tables reporting the intake of food groups.
⁷ In addition to the foods listed in the food frequency questionnaire, foods appended to the questionnaire by the participants were considered in the case of 105 individuals (the foods included items already considered in the tables that were based on food diaries/interviews, e.g. couscous, quinoa, parsnip etc.).

CONTACTS

Maarja Kukk

Department of Nutrition Research

National Institute for Health Development

E-mail: Maarja.Kukk[at]tai.ee

Principal investigator of the Estonian National Dietary Survey

Eha Nurk

Department of Nutrition Research

National Institute for Health Development

E-mail: Eha.Nurk[at]tai.ee

Renewed: 12.09.2019

Age	Number of respondents^1,2				Response rate, %²			Number of invites with a response	Population, 01.01.2013
Age	Men	Women	Men and women	Breastfeeding mothers	Men	Women	Men and women	Number of invites with a response	Population, 01.01.2013
3-6 months	144	125	269		36.7	35.4	36.1	745	5 004
7-11 months	117	125	242		73.1	82.2	77.6	312	5 570
1 year	57	61	118		41.0	45.5	43.2	273	14 445
2-5 years	277 (260)	302 (287)	579 (547)		45.9 (43.1)	48.2 (45.8)	47.1 (44.5)	1 230	61 715
6-9 years	168 (155)	179 (164)	347 (319)		43.3 (39.9)	49.7 (45.6)	46.4 (42.6)	748	53 353
10-13 years	93 (83)	89 (79)	182 (162)		45.1 (40.3)	39.6 (35.1)	42.2 (37.6)	431	48 035
14-17 years	80 (75)	117 (104)	197 (179)	1 (1)	26.4 (24.8)	38.2 (34.0)	32.3 (29.4)	609	48 184
18-24 years	135 (123)	192 (183)	327 (306)	44 (37)	19.1 (17.4)	27.0 (25.7)	23.0 (21.5)	1 420	118 909
25-29 years	77 (69)	137 (125)	214 (194)	132 (118)	22.9 (20.5)	36.8 (33.6)	30.2 (27.4)	708	96 187
30-34 years	85 (79)	158 (149)	243 (228)	127 (103)	24.9 (23.2)	39.8 (37.5)	32.9 (30.9)	738	90 340
35-39 years	84 (73)	160 (150)	244 (223)	74 (60)	23.9 (20.8)	41.0 (38.5)	32.9 (30.1)	741	90 646
40-44 years	69 (61)	167 (158)	236 (219)	16 (13)	20.8 (18.4)	36.9 (35.0)	30.1 (27.9)	784	91 411
45-49 years	67 (61)	168 (161)	235 (222)		20.6 (18.8)	38.7 (37.1)	31.0 (29.2)	759	85 092
50-54 years	73 (68)	136 (130)	209 (198)		20.2 (18.8)	28.3 (27.1)	24.9 (25.1)	841	92 930
55-59 years	75 (68)	160 (153)	235 (221)		21.2 (19.2)	30.3 (29.0)	26.6 (25.1)	882	88 200
60-64 years	85 (81)	187 (176)	272 (257)		24.1 (23.0)	31.9 (30.0)	29.0 (27.4)	939	82 140
65-69 years	83 (81)	194 (182)	277 (263)		23.1 (22.6)	29.2 (27.4)	27.1 (25.7)	1 023	60 321
70-74 years	74 (73)	147 (136)	221 (209)		28.5 (28.1)	30.1 (27.9)	29.5 (27.9)	748	64 631
All ages	1 843 (1 410)	2 804 (2 337)	4 647 (3 747)	394 (332)	29.4 (22.5)	36.6 (30.5)	33.4 (26.9)	13 931	1 197 113

The name of food group in published tables		The name of food in published tables	Foods in 24-hour food diaries/interviews	Foods in the food frequency questionnaire⁷
Starchy foods: cereals and potatoes¹	..rye bread, brown bread, white bread	Rye bread, whole grain rye bread, brown bread, white whole grain bread	Rye bread (incl. whole grain), brown bread and white whole grain bread	Rye bread, whole grain rye bread; brown bread, white whole grain and multigrain bread, bread with seeds, barley bread
	..rye bread, brown bread, white bread	White bread, fine rye bread	White bread (incl. sandwich bread, ciabatta and bread rolls, flatbread, pre-baked pizza bases and tortillas), fine rye bread	White bread, sandwich bread, ciabatta, flatbread; fine rye bread
	..porridge, rice, pasta, etc.	Rice, pasta products – cooked	Rice (incl. whole grain) and pasta (incl. whole grain pasta and egg pasta)	Rice, rice porridge; pasta, instant noodles (incl. as a component of dishes) etc.
	..porridge, rice, pasta, etc.	Porridge flakes, semolina, buckwheat and other cereal-based side dishes – dry ingredients	Rolled oat, barley, wheat, rye, rice and multigrain flakes (incl. instant porridge), semolina and polenta (incl. whole grain), buckwheat, millet, pearl barley, wheat grains, couscous, quinoa	Oatmeal and multigrain porridge; buckwheat porridge; millet porridge; semolina porridge, semolina mousse; rolled oat and multi grain flakes, unsweetened muesli etc.
		Breakfast cereals, muesli	Muesli (incl. muesli with dried fruit, nuts or chocolate), muesli bars, corn flakes, puffed wheat or rice and other breakfast cereals (incl. whole grain)	Sweetened muesli (e.g. with chocolate or fruit); corn flakes, puffed rice and other breakfast cereals (excl. soy flakes), corn puffs etc.
	..potatoes	Potatoes (excl. potato chips and sweet potato)	Cooked potatoes, instant potato puree powder, potato flakes	Boiled or steamed potatoes, potatoes baked without fat; pan-fried potatoes; oven-baked fries (no fat added), oven-baked potatoes (coated with fat); shallow- or deep-fried potatoes; mashed potatoes, potato casserole
Fruit and vegetables, berries	..vegetables	Legume vegetables	Beans (incl. green beans, broad beans, mung beans, white, red and brown beans), peas (incl. snow peas and chickpeas), lentils, canned peas and beans	Beans (excl. soy beans); peas; lentils
		Other vegetables, incl. preserves (excl. legume vegetables and vegetable juice)	Root, stalk, leaf and fruit vegetables, onions, cabbages, sweet potato, sprouts (incl. wheat grass), tomato paste and puree	Carrot; swede; beetroot; cabbage; sauerkraut; cauliflower, broccoli; Chinese cabbage and iceberg lettuce; leaf lettuce, spinach; pumpkin; zucchini, aubergine; bell pepper; tomato; cucumber; green onion, onion, leek; garlic; sprouts; corn; diced (frozen) vegetable mix; tomato paste
		Mushrooms	Mushrooms	Mushrooms
	..fruit and berries	Berries	Strawberries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries, blueberries, lingonberries, cranberries, dewberries, sea buckthorn berries, rose hips, chokeberries and rowanberries	Strawberries; raspberries; black currants; other currants, gooseberries; blueberries; lingonberries, cranberries; cloudberries, wild strawberries; sea buckthorn berries; rose hips
		Fruit (excl. juice)⁵	Apples, pears, citrus fruit (mandarin orange, orange, lemon etc.), stone fruit (plums, cherries, peach etc.), grapes, exotic fruit (banana, kiwifruit, pineapple, mango, pomegranate, persimmon, figs and dates etc.), watermelon and melon	Apple; pear; mandarin orange; orange, grapefruit; lemon; banana; peach, nectarine; plum; cherries; grapes; kiwifruit; mango, pineapple and other exotic fruit; watermelon, melon
		Fruit preserves (excl. jam)	Fruit preserves (canned pineapple, peaches etc.), fruit and berry compote
		100% juice⁶	100% juices of fruit and vegetables	Juice (100%)
		Dried fruit and berries⁶	Dried fruit and berries (incl. raisins and fruit and berry chips)	Dried fruit (incl. raisins), fruit and berry chips
Milk and dairy products		Milk and unflavoured dairy drinks	Milk (skimmed, semi-skimmed and whole milk, incl. goat’s milk), soured milk, kefir, buttermilk	Fat-free milk, milk with 0.05% fat content; milk, 1.5% and 2.5% fat content; milk, >2.5% fat content; soured milk, kefir; buttermilk
		Unflavoured yoghurt	Unflavoured yoghurt	Unflavoured yoghurt
		Cream	Sour cream, coffee (i.e. light) cream, whipping cream and other types of cream, creamers, dips, unsweetened condensed milk	Sour cream, dips; coffee (i.e. light) cream; whipping cream; whipped cream
		Unflavoured quark products, cottage cheese	Unflavoured quark (incl. ricotta), quark paste and cottage cheese (regardless of fat content)	Fat-free (=/< 0.5% fat content) unsweetened quark, cottage cheese; unsweetened quark, cottage cheese
		Sweetened yoghurt	Flavoured yoghurt (incl. drinking yoghurt), yoghurt drinks and yoghurt shakes, yoghurt desserts, soured milk drinks, milk drinks and whey drinks	Sweetened yoghurt, incl. drinking yoghurt
		Flavoured quark, quark cream, cottage cheese	Flavoured (sweet as well as savoury) quark, quark cream and quark paste, cottage cheese (regardless of fat content)	Fat-free (=/<0.5% fat content) sweetened quark, quark creams; sweetened quark, quark creams
		Cheese	Cheese (incl. white and blue cheese, cheese spreads, cream cheese, mozzarella, Gouda, Parmesan cheese, feta, goat’s cheese etc.)	Cheese, =/<15% fat content; cheese, 16–25% fat content; cheese, >25% fat content; white and blue cheese; cheese spreads; cream cheese
Fish, poultry, eggs and meat	..fish and fish products	Fish	Cooked fish, raw fish in sushi, smoked, salted and dried fish, canned fish	Lean white fish (cod, hake, pike, zander, flounder etc.); fatty white fish (mackerel, eel); salmon, trout; Baltic herring, sprat, European whitefish, canned sprats etc.; herring, sardines; tuna
	..fish and fish products	Fish products and other seafood	Fish sticks and balls, crab sticks, shellfish, roe, frog legs	Fish sticks, patties and balls; prawns, crabs, crayfish; mussels, oysters; crab sticks; caviar, roe
	..meat and poultry (incl. offal), meat and poultry products²	Fresh poultry	Cooked poultry (chicken, duck, goose etc.)	Poultry
		Fresh meat	Cooked meat (pork, beef, veal, lamb, rabbit and game meats, incl. smoked bacon and minced meat)	Pork, beef, veal, lamb as steaks or chops (excl. game meats); rabbit and hare meat; game meats as steaks or chops; diced meat excl. mince in dishes (sauce, stew, soup, casserole etc.); minced meat in dishes (e.g. soup, sauce, lasagne etc.); rashers of bacon; ham with visible fat; ham without visible fat
		Frankfurters, cooked sausages, minced meat cutlets (of meat and poultry)⁶	Frankfurters and cooked sausages, barley sausage and small meatballs of meat and poultry	Products made of poultry mince, poultry mince in dishes; home-made cutlets, meatballs, meatloaf made with mince; store-bought cutlets, patties, meatballs, meatloaf made with mince; frankfurters; large frankfurters; sausages for grilling, raw sausages; cooked sausage; smoked sausage; salami
	..eggs and egg products	Eggs	Chicken eggs, quail eggs etc.	Chicken eggs; quail eggs
Dietary fats, seeds, nuts and oily fruit	..seeds, nuts, etc.	Seeds and nuts – shelled	Seeds (sunflower, pumpkin, flax, sesame, chia seeds, pine nuts etc.), nuts (hazelnuts, pistachios, Brazil nuts, walnuts, cashew nuts, almonds, peanuts etc.; incl. roasted and salted nuts), nut mixes, dried coconut	Nuts, almonds (excl. salted nuts); salted nuts; seeds
	..oily fruit, oil, fat spreads³	Butter	Butter, butter spread	Butter, butter spread (e.g. Taluvői, Saaremaa vői)
		Margarines and fat mixtures	Margarine for cooking and baking, margarine spreads, mixtures of butter and vegetable oil	Margarine spreads (e.g. Rama, Voimix, Keiju); margarine for cooking and baking
		Oil	Vegetable oils (rapeseed, olive, sunflower etc.)	Oil
Sugar, sweet and savoury snacks4⁴		Sugar (excl. syrup)	Refined white sugar and brown sugar	Sugar
		Honey	Honey	Honey
		Candy, chocolates (excl. cocoa powder)	Hard candy, toffee, fudge, marmalade candy, gummies, marshmallows, dragée candy etc., milk chocolate and dark chocolate, chocolate bars and chocolate candy (incl. with various fillings), chocolate glaze	Candy; milk chocolate; dark chocolate (=/>50% cocoa content)
		Jam	Jam (incl. uncooked), marmalade spreads	Jam, jelly etc.
		Ice cream	Dairy ice cream, frozen yoghurt and ice cream with vegetable fat, excl. sorbet	Ice cream
		Other sweetened dairy products	Curd snacks, puddings, sweet sauces, sweetened condensed milk, baked quark pudding	Curd snack; puddings, creams (excl. quark-based)
		Nectar, juice drinks	Nectar, juice drinks, sorbet	Sorbet; nectar; juice drink, syrup drink, juice kissel
		Bakery products and pastries (excl. pastry mixes)	Sweet and savoury biscuits, sweet crispy breadsticks, waffles etc., filled buns and pastries, kringel (highly enriched sweetened bread similar to brioche), cakes, cupcakes	Biscuits, crispy breadsticks (sweet); biscuits, crispy breadsticks (savoury); waffles; doughnuts; filled pastries, pies; sweet pastries, kringel (highly enriched sweetened bread similar to brioche); sheet cakes; cakes, torte; Bundt cakes; crepes; pancakes (small)
		Soft drinks, flavoured water	Flavoured water, sodas and cola (incl. diet soft drinks), iced tea drinks, kvass (incl. traditionally fermented kvass with slight alcohol content) and kvass drinks	Flavoured water (i.e. near water, sweetened); soft drinks sweetened with sugar (soda, cola, iced tea drink, kvass drink etc.); soft drinks with artificial sweeteners (i.e. light or diet soft drinks); kvass (incl. traditionally fermented kvass with low alcohol content); non-alcoholic beer
		Energy drinks	Energy drinks	Energy drinks
		Potato chips, tortilla chips	Potato chips, tortilla chips, popcorn	Potato chips; popcorn (popped)
		Water, mineral water (as drink)⁶	Water, mineral water	Water as drink (tap water, bottled water); mineral water
		Coffee⁶	Coffee, incl. coffee-based drinks and coffee substitutes such as roasted grain beverages	Roasted grain beverages, decaffeinated coffee; coffee (brewed with a coffeemaker or in a coffeepot); coffee (espresso, cappuccino, latte); instant coffee
		Tea, herbal tea⁶	Tea (black, green etc.), herbal tea	Rose hip and other herbal teas; black tea; green tea; white, red, oolong tea
		Soy products⁶	Soy beans, soy flakes, soy flour, soy-based dairy and meat substitutes (incl. soy sausages and patties, tofu)	Soy beans; soy milk; textured soy protein (chunks, granules); soy flakes; ready-to-eat soy products (e.g. patties); tofu
		Mayonnaise, salad dressings⁶	Mayonnaise, mayonnaise- and oil-based dressings	Mayonnaise; salad dressings based on oil or mayonnaise
		Alcoholic beverages⁶	Beer, beverages with low alcohol content (cider, long drink etc.), wine and sparkling wine, vermouth, liqueurs, vodka, rum, cognac and brandy etc.; excl. alcohol as an ingredient in cooking	Beer; beverages with low alcoholic content (cider, long drink); wine, sparkling wine; port, liqueurs, vermouth, sherry; vodka; cognac, rum, whiskey, liqueurs and other types of hard alcoholic beverages